Tips to memorise things after study - YOUR MEMORY'S NATURAL RHYTHMS

Memory , the brain and it's natural learning rhythms. 

Understand your brains natural memory rhythms and take advantage of them to improve your memory, memorization skills and enhance your learning capabilities. 

You  can utilize the mind's natural processes for learning information. Your memory and memorization skills (comprehension + memory = learning) will benefit from knowing how your brain best absorbs information (builds new neural connections) . If you were to hear a list of 30 words and were then asked to recall them. You would be able to recall some words from the beginning of the list, some from the end but only a few from the middle of the list. 

These effects are known as primacy (words from the beginning of the list) and recency (words from the end of the list). Unless you were applying a mnemonic technique, it is highly unlikely that you would recall all of the words. You would however be able to recall words that were repeated or connected in any way and any outstanding or unusual words (for example the word "Rhinoceros" in a list of underwear is outstanding just as the word "Underpants" sticks out in a list of large African Herbivores).

How can you use this? If you were to study for hours and hours and hours without a break, you would find that the dip in recall between the primacy and recency effects would be considerable. On the other hand, if we stopped every 5 minutes during a half hour we would not  get into the flow of learning.

We need to  find a balance between these two extremes. You need to take more breaks when you are studying. Split your study time into 20-50 minute chunks with 10 minute breaks in between when it is important that you relax or do something physical or creative.

The time chunks will mean that you create more primacy / recency high points and will remember more from your studying. The breaks will give your mind a chance to rest from learning and doing something different will actually stimulate it.

Instead of poring over your notes solidly for 3 hours, if you split the time up into 50 minute segments, you will actually remember more during your learning periods.

How do you recall this information after you have learned it? (transferring short term memory to long term). The ability to learn something once and then have the ability to recall it whenever you wanted? 

It does require effort. Imagine that you went to a class, listened to the teacher, took your notes and at the end of the lesson threw your notebook into your bag. How much information do you think you would remember about what you had learned by the end of the following day? Ebbinghaus proved that within 1-2 days, we forget about 80% of what we have learned. ite a waste doesn't it? There is a way to overcome that problem.

At the end of an hour's learning, your mind integrates the information that you have just studied so that your ability to recall it actually rises, peaks after about 10 minutes and then falls off dramatically. Now if you review what you have learnt at that 10 minute point, you will reinforce the information at its strongest in your mind. (I will be writing about a suitable note taking technique to allow you to do this in future articles, so just bear with me). 

Your ability to recall this information will remain at a high point for about a day before it begins to drop off rapidly. So it is a good idea to review what you have learnt again after a day. This second review will mean that your ability to recall what you have learnt will remain for about a week before it begins to tail off again so guess what we do after a week? Full marks to those who think we should review again.

If you are worried about all these reviews, don't be because with the right note taking technique, each review will only take a couple of minutes. After this third review your recall will last for about a month at which your fourth review will keep the information accessible by you for up to 6 months. A fifth review after 6 months will meant that the information is firmly logged in your long-term memory.

 

In summary then:

1. Study for as long as you like but make sure it is in 20-50 minute chunks with breaks of 10 minutes where relaxation and/or something physical and fun is mandatory.

2. Review what you have learned:

• 10 minutes after learning
• 1 day after learning
• 1 week after learning
• 1 month after learning
• 6 months after learning.

Form prescribed under Copanies (Incorporation) rules 2014

Form No.	Relevant Section of the Companies Act, 2013	Relevant Rule of the Companies ( Incorporation) Rules 2014	Subject matter
INC 1	4(4)	8 & 9	Application for reservation of Name
INC 2	3(1) & 7(1)	4,10,12 & 15	One Person Company- Application for Incorporation
INC 3	3(1)	4(2), (3), (4), (5) & (6)	One Person Company - Nominee Consent Form
INC 4	3(1)	4(4), (5) & (6)	One Person Company – Change in Member/ Nominee
INC 5		6(4)	One person company- Intimation of exceeding threshold
INC 6	18	7(4)	One Person Company – Application for Conversion
INC 7	7(1)	10, 12, 14 & 15	Application for Incorporation of Company (Other than OPC)
INC 8	7(1) (b)	14	Declaration
INC 9	7(1) (c)		Affidavit
INC 10		16(1)(q)	Form for verification of signature of subscribers
INC 11	7(2)	8	Certificate of Incorporation
INC 12	8(1) & 8(5)	19 & 20	Application for grant of License under section 8
INC 13		19(2)	Memorandum of Association
INC 14	7(1)(b)	19(3)(b)	Declaration
INC 15		19(3)(d)	Declaration
INC 16	8(1)	20	Licence under section 8 (1) of the Companies Act, 2013
INC 17	8(5)	20	Licence under section 8(5) of the Companies Act, 2013
INC 18	8(4)(ii)	21(3)	Application to Regional Director for conversion of section 8 company into company of any other kind
INC 19		22	Notice
INC 20	8(4) & 8(6)	23	Intimation to Registrar of  revocation/surrender of license issued under section 8
INC 21	11(1)(a)	24	Declaration prior to the commencement of business or exercising borrowing powers
INC 22	12(2) & (4)	25 & 27	Notice of situation or change of situation of registered office
INC 23	12(5) & 13(4)	28 & 30	Application to the Regional Director for approval to shift the Registered Office from one state to another state or from jurisdiction of one Registrar to another Registrar within the same State
INC 24	13(2)	29(2)	Application for approval of Central Government for change of name
INC 25		29	Certificate of Incorporation pursuant to change of name
INC 26		30	Advertisement to be published in the newspaper for License for existing companies
INC 27	14	33	Conversion of public company into private company or private company into public company
INC 28			Notice of Order of the Court or any other competent authority

Six Tips for Studying Smarter

 I found this article interesting and may be helpful for my viewers:

Boning up for a work course or a school test? Trying to learn a new skill? Cramming late, devoting a whole day to nothing but bio, reading that training manual 20 times? 

You’re doing it wrong. So very, very wrong.

Nailing the art of studying right can be a scientific task. Two professors — Henry Roediger and Mark McDaniel at the Washington University in St. Louis — and author Peter Brown condensed the best study knowledge, based on scientific papers published over the past few years, in a new book,  Make It Stick: The Science of Successful Learning. Roediger distilled his  6 top tips for successful learning. We’re talking the best ways to retrain new knowledge for the long haul.

Pull up a seat, and start taking notes. 

1. Take those notes by hand. That’s right: Go Luddite. In a board meeting or a freshman survey hall, think pen and paper. ”When typing, students tend to record information as though they were taking dictation,” Roediger says. Handwriting is slower, ”so they have to think harder about the material to distill it,” he says, discussing a study just published this April. So yes, it might seem painful to put pen to paper in class, but you’ll save study time in the end.

2. Don’t study — practice. Stop re-reading the same passage 20 times. Searching your brain for what you’re trying to remember keeps things fresher. In one of Roediger’s own studies, subjects who took a test were more likely to do better on a subsequent test then those who studied. It’s not just about remembering the information, but using the brain muscles to practice retrieving the information too. That’s what a test — and real life — requires of us.

3. Pace yourself. Cramming puts a lot of info your head, fast, but it also leads to fast forgetting. “Spacing helps embed learning in long-term memory,” Roediger says. 

4. Sleep on it. If you never want to think about conjugating French verbs again, pull an all-nighter before a test. But if you’ve got info you want to keep for the long haul, plan some zzz’s. Your brain needs time to catch up and process all you’ve stuffed in there. Sleep is when it happens.

5. Multi-task subjects. Maybe you’ve got finals this week in history, bio and psych. Yuck. If you’ve only got three days to study, don’t tackle just one subject a day, Roediger says. Devote a bit of time every day to each of the subjects, and you’re more likely to ace those tests. Roediger cites a 2012 study that says we’re more likely to confuse similar things when studied together — like if you’re trying to cram on the differences between four kinds of biological processes that all kind of sound the same — than if we break the biology up a bit with something else.

6. Test yourself. These are the professor’s words, not ours. ”Make up practice tests and take them repeatedly as you study,” he says. This goes back to tip No. 2 — finding ways to pull things from your mind. Plus, this way, you’ll learn what you need to work on.

Read more: www.ozy.com

Depreciation Rates as per Companies Act 2013

Schedule II- USEFUL LIVES TO COMPUTE DEPRECIATION

PART ‘A’

1. Depreciation is the systematic allocation of the depreciable amount of an asset over its useful life. The depreciable amount of an asset is the cost of an asset or other amount substituted for cost, less its residual value. The useful life of an asset is the period over which an asset is expected to be available for use by an entity, or the number of production or similar units expected to be obtained from the asset by the entity.

2. For the purpose of this Schedule, the term depreciation includes amortisation.

3. Without prejudice to the foregoing provisions of paragraph 1,—

(i) The useful life of an asset shall not ordinarily be different from the useful life specified in Part C and the residual value of an asset shall not be more than five per cent. of the original cost of the asset:

Provided that where a company adopts a useful life different from what is specified in Part C or uses a residual value different from the limit specified above, the financial statements shall disclose such difference and provide justification in this behalf duly supported by technical advice.-

(ii) For intangible assets, the provisions of the accounting standards applicable forthe time being in force shall apply, except in case of intangible assets (Toll Roads)created under ‘Build, Operate and Transfer’, ‘Build, Own, Operate and Transfer’or any other form of public private partnership route in case of road projects. Amortisation in such cases may be done as follows:-

(a) Mode of amortisation

	Amortisation Amount
Amortisation Rate =	_______________________	x 100
	Cost of Intangible Assets (A)

Amortisation Amount =

	Actual Revenue for the year (B)
Cost of Intangible Assets (A) x	_________________________________
	Projected Revenue from Intangible Asset (till the end of the concession period) (C)

(b) Meaning of particulars are as follows :-

Cost of Intangible Assets (A)	=	Cost incurred by the company in accordance with the accounting standards.
Actual Revenue for the year (B)	=	Actual revenue (Toll Charges) received during the accounting year.
Projected Revenue from Intangible Asset (C)	=	Total projected revenue from the Intangible Assets as provided to the project lender at the time of financial closure / agreement.

The amortisation amount or rate should ensure that the whole of the cost of the intangible asset is amortised over the concession period.

Revenue shall be reviewed at the end of each financial year and projected revenue shall be adjusted to reflect such changes, if any, in the estimates as will lead to the actual collection at the end of the concession period.

(c)	Example:-
	Cost of creation of Intangible Assets	:	Rs. 500/- Crores
	Total period of Agreement	:	20 Years
	Time used for creation of Intangible Assets	:	2 Years
	Intangible Assets to be amortised in	:	18 Years
Assuming that the Total revenue to be generated out of Intangible Assets over the period would be Rs. 600 Crores, in the following manner:-

Year No.	Revenue ( In Rs. Crores)	Remarks
Year 1	5	Actual
Year 2	7.5	Estimate *
Year 3	10	Estimate *
Year 4	12.5	Estimate *
Year 5	17.5	Estimate *
Year 6	20	Estimate *
Year 7	23	Estimate *
Year 8	27	Estimate *
Year 9	31	Estimate *
Year 10	34	Estimate *
Year 11	38	Estimate *
Year 12	41	Estimate *
Year 13	46	Estimate *
Year 14	50	Estimate *
Year 15	53	Estimate *
Year 16	57	Estimate *
Year 17	60	Estimate *
Year 18	67.5	Estimate *
Total	600

‘*’ will be actual at the end of financial year.

Based on this the charge for first year would be Rs. 4.16 Crore (approximately) (i.e. Rs. 5/Rs. 600 x Rs. 500 Crores) which would be charged to profit and loss and 0.83% (i.e. Rs. 4.16 Crore/ Rs 500 Crore x 100) is the amortisation rate for the first year.

Where a company arrives at the amortisation amount in respect of the said Intangible Assets in accordance with any method as per the applicable Accounting Standards, it shall disclose the same.

PART ‘B’

4. The useful life or residual value of any specific asset, as notified for accounting purposes by a Regulatory Authority constituted under an Act of Parliament or by the Central Government shall be applied in calculating the depreciation to be provided for such asset irrespective of the requirements of this Schedule.

PART ‘C’

5. Subject to Parts A and B above, the following are the useful lives of various tangible assets:

Depreciation Rate Chart as per Schedule II of The Companies Act 2013

Nature of Assets				UsefulLife		Depreciation
						Rate[SLM]	Rate[WDV]
I	Buildings [NESD]
	(a)	Building (other   than factory buildings)   RCC Frame Structure		60Years		1.58%	4.87%
	(b)	Building (other than factory buildings) other than RCC Frame Structure		30Years		3.17%	9.50%
	(c)	Factory buildings		30Years		3.17%	9.50%
	(d)	Fences, wells, tube wells		5Years		19.00%	45.07%
	(e)	Other (including temporary structure, etc.)		3Years		31.67%	63.16%
II	Bridges, culverts, bunkers, etc. [NESD]			30Years		3.17%	9.50%
III	Roads [NESD]
	(a)	Carpeted Roads
		(i)	Carpeted Roads – RCC	10	Years	9.50%	25.89%
		(ii)	Carpeted Roads – other than RCC	5	Years	19.00%	45.07%
	(b)	Non-carpeted roads		3	Years	31.67%	63.16%
IV	Plant and Machinery
	(i)	General rate applicable to Plant and Machinery not covered under Special Plant and Machinery
		(a)	Plant and   Machinery other than   continuous process plant not covered under specific industries [NESD]	15Years		6.33%	18.10%
		(b)	(b) continuous process plant for which no special rate has been prescribed under (ii) below [NESD]	25Years		3.80%	11.29%
	(ii)	Special Plant and Machinery
		(a)	Plant and Machinery related to production and exhibition of Motion Picture Films
			1. Cinematograph films—Machinery used in the production and exhibition of cinematograph films, recording and reproducing equipments, developing machines, printing machines, editing machines, synchronizers and studio lights except bulbs	13 Years		7.31%	20.58%
			2. Projecting equipment for exhibition of films	13 Years		7.31%	20.58%
		(b)	Plant and Machinery used in glass manufacturing
			1. Plant and Machinery except direct fire glass melting furnaces —Recuperative and regenerative glass melting furnaces	13 Years		7.31%	20.58%
			2. Plant and Machinery except direct fire glass melting furnaces —Moulds [NESD]	8 Years		11.88%	31.23%
			3. Float Glass Melting Furnaces [NESD]	10 Years		9.50%	25.89%
		(c)	Plant and Machinery used in mines and quarries—Portable underground machinery and earth moving machinery used in open cast mining [NESD]	8 Years		11.88%	31.23%
		(d)	Plant and Machinery used in Telecommunications [NESD]
			1. Towers	18 Years		5.28%	15.33%
			2. Telecom transceivers, switching   centres, transmission and other network equipment	13 Years		7.31%	20.58%
			3. Telecom – Ducts, Cables and optical fibre	18 Years		5.28%	15.33%
			4. Satellites	18 Years		5.28%	15.33%
		(e)	Plant and Machinery used in exploration, production and refining oil and gas [NESD]
			1. Refineries	25 Years		3.80%	11.29%
			2. Oil and gas assets (including wells), processing plant and facilities	25 Years		3.80%	11.29%
			3. Petrochemical Plant	25 Years		3.80%	11.29%
			4. Storage tanks and related equipment	25 Years		3.80%	11.29%
			5. Pipelines	30 Years		3.17%	9.50%
			6. Drilling Rig	30 Years		3.17%	9.50%
			7. Field operations (above ground) Portable boilers, drilling tools, well-head tanks, etc.	8 Years		11.88%	31.23%
			8. Loggers	8 Years		11.88%	31.23%
		(f )	Plant and Machinery used in generation, transmission and distribution of power [NESD]
			1. Thermal/ Gas/ Combined Cycle Power Generation Plant	40 Years		2.38%	7.22%
			2. Hydro Power Generation Plant	40 Years		2.38%	7.22%
			3. Nuclear Power Generation Plant	40 Years		2.38%	7.22%
			4. Transmission lines, cables and other network assets	40 Years		2.38%	7.22%
			5. Wind Power Generation Plant	22 Years		4.32%	12.73%
			6. Electric Distribution Plant	35 Years		2.71%	8.20%
			7. Gas Storage and Distribution Plant	30 Years		3.17%	9.50%
			8. Water Distribution Plant including pipelines	30 Years		3.17%	9.50%
		(g)	Plant and Machinery used in manufacture of steel
			1. Sinter Plant	20 Years		4.75%	13.91%
			2. Blast Furnace	20 Years		4.75%	13.91%
			3. Coke Ovens	20 Years		4.75%	13.91%
			4. Rolling mill in steel plant	20 Years		4.75%	13.91%
			5. Basic oxygen Furnace Converter	25 Years		3.80%	11.29%
		(h)	Plant and Machinery used in manufacture of non-ferrous metals
			1. Metal pot line [NESD]	40 Years		2.38%	7.22%
			2. Bauxite crushing and grinding section [NESD]	40 Years		2.38%	7.22%
			3. Digester Section [NESD]	40 Years		2.38%	7.22%
			4. Turbine [NESD]	40 Years		2.38%	7.22%
			5. Equipments for Calcination [NESD]	40 Years		2.38%	7.22%
			6. Copper Smelter [NESD]	40 Years		2.38%	7.22%
			7. Roll Grinder	40 Years		2.38%	7.22%
			8. Soaking Pit	30 Years		3.17%	9.50%
			9. Annealing Furnace	30 Years		3.17%	9.50%
			10. Rolling Mills	30 Years		3.17%	9.50%
			11. Equipments for Scalping, Slitting , etc. [NESD]	30 Years		3.17%	9.50%
			12. Surface Miner, Ripper Dozer, etc., used in mines	25 Years		3.80%	11.29%
			13. Copper refining plant [NESD]	25 Years		3.80%	11.29%
		(i)	Plant and Machinery used in medical and surgical operations [NESD]
			1. Electrical Machinery, X-ray and electrotherapeutic apparatus and accessories thereto, medical, diagnostic equipments, namely, Cat-scan, Ultrasound Machines, ECG Monitors, etc.	13 Years		7.31%	20.58%
			2. Other Equipments.	15 Years		6.33%	18.10%
		(j)	Plant and Machinery used in manufacture of pharmaceuticals and chemicals [NESD]
			1. Reactors	20 Years		4.75%	13.91%
			2. Distillation Columns	20 Years		4.75%	13.91%
			3. Drying equipments/Centrifuges and Decanters	20 Years		4.75%	13.91%
			4. Vessel/storage tanks	20 Years		4.75%	13.91%
		(k)	Plant and Machinery used in civil construction
			1. Concreting, Crushing, Piling Equipments and Road Making Equipments	12 Years
			2. Heavy Lift Equipments—
			-Cranes with capacity of more than 100 tons	20 Years		4.75%	13.91%
			-Cranes with capacity of less than 100 tons	15 Years		6.33%	18.10%
			3. Transmission line, Tunneling Equipments [NESD]	10 Years		9.50%	25.89%
			4. Earth-moving equipments	9 Years		10.56%	28.31%
			5. Others including Material Handling /Pipeline/Welding Equipments [NESD]	12 Years		7.92%	22.09%
		(l)	Plant and Machinery used in salt works [NESD]	15 Years		6.33%	18.10%
V.	Furniture and fittings [NESD]
	(i)	General furniture and fittings		10 Years		9.50%	25.89%
	(ii)	Furniture and fittings used in hotels, restaurants and boarding houses, schools, colleges and other educational institutions, libraries; welfare centres; meeting halls, cinema houses; theatres and circuses; and furniture and fittings let out on hire for use on the occasion of marriages and similar functions.		8 Years		11.88%	31.23%
VI.	Motor Vehicles [NESD]
	1	Motor cycles, scooters and other mopeds		10 Years		9.50%	25.89%
	2	Motor buses, motor lorries, motor cars and motor taxies used in a business of running them on hire		6 Years		15.83%	39.30%
	3	Motor buses, motor lorries and motor cars other than those used in a business of running them on hire		8 Years		11.88%	31.23%
	4	Motor tractors, harvesting combines and heavy vehicles		8 Years		11.88%	31.23%
	5	Electrically operated vehicles including battery powered or fuel cell powered vehicles		8 Years		11.88%	31.23%
VII	Ships [NESD]
		Ocean-going ships
		(i)	Bulk Carriers and liner vessels	25 Years		3.80%	11.29%
		(ii)	Crude tankers, product carriers and easy chemical carriers with or without conventional tank coatings.	20 Years		4.75%	13.91%
		(iii)	Chemicals and Acid Carriers:
			(a) With Stainless steel tanks	25 Years		25 Years	3.80%
			(b) With other tanks	20 Years		4.75%	13.91%
		(iv)	Liquified gas carriers	30 Years		3.17%	9.50%
		(v)	Conventional large passenger vessels which are used for cruise purpose also	30 Years		3.17%	9.50%
		(vi)	Coastal service ships of all categories	30 Years		3.17%	9.50%
		(vii)	Offshore supply and support vessels	20 Years		4.75%	13.91%
		(viii)	Catamarans and other high speed passenger for ships or boats	20 Years		4.75%	13.91%
		(ix)	Drill ships	25 Years		3.80%	11.29%
		(x)	Hovercrafts	15 Years		6.33%	18.10%
		(xi)	Fishing vessels with wooden hull	10 Years		9.50%	25.89%
		(xii)	Dredgers, tugs, barges, survey launches and other similar ships used mainly for dredging purposes	14 Years		6.79%	19.26%
	2.	Vessels ordinarily operating on inland waters—
		(i)	Speed boats	13 Years		7.31%	20.58%
		(ii)	Other vessels	28 Years		3.39%	10.15%
VIII.	Aircrafts or Helicopters [NESD]			20 Years		4.75%	13.91%
IX.	Railways sidings, locomotives, rolling stocks, tramways and railways used by concerns, excluding railway concerns [NESD]			15 Years		6.33%	18.10%
X.	Ropeway structures [NESD]			15 Years		6.33%	18.10%
XI.	Office equipment [NESD]			5 Years		19.00%	45.07%
XII.	Computers and data processing units [NESD]
	(i)	Servers and networks		6 Years		15.83%	39.30%
	(ii)	End user devices, such as, desktops, laptops, etc.		3 Years		31.67%	63.16%
XIII.	Laboratory equipment [NESD]
	(i)	General laboratory equipment		10 Years		9.50%	25.89%
	(ii)	Laboratory equipments used in educational institutions		5 Years		19.00%	45.07%
XIV.	Electrical Installations and Equipment [NESD]			10 years		9.50%	25.89%
XV.	Hydraulic works, pipelines and sluices [NESD]			15 Years		6.33%	18.10%

 Notes.—

1. “Factory buildings” does not include offices, godowns, staff quarters.

2. Where, during any financial year, any addition has been made to any asset, or where any asset has been sold, discarded, demolished or destroyed, the depreciation on such assets shall be calculated on a pro rata basis from the date of such addition or, as the case may be, up to the date on which such asset has been sold, discarded, demolished or destroyed.

3. The following information shall also be disclosed in the accounts, namely:—

(i) depreciation methods used; and

(ii) the useful lives of the assets for computing depreciation, if they are different from the life specified in the Schedule.

4(a)  Useful life specified in Part C of the Schedule is for whole of the asset and where cost of a part of the asset is significant to total cost of the asset and useful life of that part is different from the useful life of the remaining asset, useful life of that significant part shall be determined separately.

(b) The requirement under sub-paragraph (a) shall be voluntary in respect of the financial year commencing on or after the 1st April, 2014 and mandatory for financial statements in respect of financial years commencing on or after the 1st April, 2015. Introduced Vide Notification No.G.S.R. 237 (E). Dated 29th  August, 2014. 

 5. Omitted vide Notification No.G.S.R. 237(E) Dated 31.03.2014.

6. The useful lives of assets working on shift basis have been specified in the Schedule based on their single shift working. Except for assets in respect of which no extra shift depreciation is permitted (indicated by NESD in Part C above), if an asset is used for any time during the year for double shift, the depreciation will increase by 50% for that period and in case of the triple shift the depreciation shall be calculated on the basis of 100% for that period.

7. From the date this Schedule comes into effect, the carrying amount of the asset as on that date—

(a) shall be depreciated over the remaining useful life of the asset as per this Schedule;

(b) after retaining the residual value, may be recognised in the opening balance of retained earnings where the remaining useful life of an asset is nil.

8. ‘‘Continuous process plant’’ means a plant which is required and designed to operate for twenty-four hours a day.